Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2017 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 7 Articles
Background. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer. Taking account ofmorbidity andmortality increase, it\nis evident that searching for independent prognostic factors is needed.Aimof the Study.The aim of the study was to analyze routinely\nperformed blood parameters as potential prognostic factors for kidney cancer. Material and Methods. We have retrospectively\nreviewed the records of 230 patients treated for renal cell carcinoma in the years 2000ââ?¬â??2006. Preoperative blood parameters,\npostoperative histopathological results, and staging and grading were performed. To estimate the risk of tumor recurrence and\ncancer specific mortality (CSM) within five years of follow-up, uni- and multivariate Cox and regression analyses were used. To\nassess the quality of classifiers and to search for the optimal cut-off point, the ROC curve was used. Results. T stage of the tumor\nmetastasis is themost important risk factor for early recurrence and cancer specific mortality (...
Before the introduction of modern imaging techniques and the recent developments in molecular diagnosis, tumor markers (TMs)\nwere among the few available diagnostic tools for the management of cancer patients. Easily obtained from serum or plasma\nsamples, TMs are minimally invasive and convenient, and the associated costs are low. Single TMs were traditionally used but\nthese have come under scrutiny due to their low sensitivity and specificity when used, for example, in a screening setting. However,\nrecent research has shown superior performance using a combination of multiple TMs as a panel for assessment, or as part of\nvalidated algorithms that also incorporate other clinical factors. In addition, newer TMs have been discovered that have an increased\nsensitivity and specificity profile for defined malignancies.The aim of this review is to provide a concise overview of the appropriate\nuses of both traditional and newer TMs and their roles in diagnosis, prognosis, and the monitoring of patients in current clinical\npractice. We also look at the future direction of TMs and their integration with other diagnostic modalities and other emerging\nserum based biomarkers, such as circulating nucleic acids, to ultimately advance diagnostic performance and improve patient\nmanagement....
Purpose: Clinical target volumes (CTV) for radiotherapy (RT) in esophageal cancer (EC) are based on standard expansions\nof primary tumor volume. Data is needed to define regions at highest risk for occult disease, based on histology and\nlocation of the primary tumor. We therefore reviewed PET scans in EC patients to characterize the location of FDG-avid\nlymph node metastases (LNM).\nMaterials and methods: We identified 473 EC patients with reviewable pre-treatment PET-CT scans. Tumors\nwere classified by histology and location; 85% were distal or GE junction tumors and 71% were adenocarcinoma. FDGavid\nLNM were classified using standard radiographic nodal atlases, and distances from primary tumor to paraesophageal\nLNM were also measured.\nResults: The most common LNM in upper EC were supraclavicular, retrotracheal and paratracheal. The most common\nLNM in lower EC were paraesophageal and in the gastrohepatic space. Overall, 55% of paraesophageal LNM\nwere adjacent to primary tumor. Of upper esophageal tumors with paraesophageal LNM, 87% were adjacent\nto the tumor and none were >6 cm from tumor. However, 57% of lower esophageal tumors with paraesophageal\nLNM had non-adjacent paraesophageal nodes, 24% of which were >8 cm from the tumor.\nConclusion: A more data-driven and individualized approach to CTV delineation could improve the therapeutic ratio\nof RT in esophageal cancer. These results can guide CTV delineation by indicating the potential distribution of nodal\ninvolvement in esophageal cancer....
Background: Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel is standard of care for first-line treatment of HER2-positive\nmetastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, alternative chemotherapy partners are required to align with patient/\nphysician preferences and to increase treatment flexibility. We report VELVET Cohort 1 results in which the efficacy\nand safety of pertuzumab and trastuzumab, administered sequentially in separate infusions, followed by vinorelbine,\nwere evaluated. Cohort 2, where pertuzumab and trastuzumab were administered in a single infusion, followed by\nvinorelbine, recruited after Cohort 1 was fully enrolled, will be reported later.\nMethods: In this multicenter, two-cohort, open-label, phase II study, patients with HER2-positive locally advanced or\nMBC who had not received chemotherapy or biological therapy for their advanced disease received 3-weekly\npertuzumab (840 mg loading, 420 mg maintenance doses) and trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading, 6 mg/kg maintenance\ndoses), followed by vinorelbine (25 mg/m2 initial dose, 30ââ?¬â??35 mg/m2 maintenance doses) on days 1 and 8 or 2 and 9\nof each 3-weekly cycle. Study treatment was given until investigator-assessed disease progression or unacceptable\ntoxicity. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR) in patients with measurable\ndisease at baseline per RECIST v1.1. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and safety.\nResults: Cohort 1 enrolled 106 patients. Investigator-assessed ORR was 74.2% (95% CI 63.8ââ?¬â??82.9) in intent-to-treat\npatients with measurable disease (89/106 [84.0%]). Median PFS was 14.3 months (95% CI 11.2ââ?¬â??17.5) in the\nintent-to-treat population. Treatment was reasonably well tolerated, with no unexpected toxicities. Diarrhea\n(61/106 patients [57.5%]) and neutropenia (54/106 [50.9%]) were the most common adverse events (AEs);\nneutropenia (33/106 [31.1%]) and leukopenia (14/106 [13.2%]) were the most common grade ââ?°Â¥3 AEs. Serious\nAEs were reported in 32/106 (30.2%) patients. AEs led to study drug discontinuation in 36/106 patients\n(34.0%). Eighteen of 106 patients (17.0%) had AEs suggestive of congestive heart failure; however, there were no\nconfirmed cases.\nConclusions: The vinorelbine, pertuzumab, and trastuzumab combination is active and reasonably well tolerated.\nThis regimen offers an alternative for patients who cannot receive docetaxel for first-line treatment of HER2-positive\nlocally advanced or MBC....
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, and life expectancy after diagnosis is often short. Most pancreatic\ntumours appear sporadically and have been highly related to habits such as cigarette smoking, high alcohol intake, high\ncarbohydrate, and sugar consumption. Other observational studies have suggested the association between pancreatic cancer and\nexposure to arsenic, lead, or cadmium. Aside fromthese factors, chronic pancreatitis and diabetes have also come to be considered\nas risk factors for these kinds of tumours. Studies have found that 10% of pancreatic cancer cases arise from an inherited syndrome\nrelated to some genetic alterations. One of these alterations includes mutation in BRCA2 gene. BRCA2 mutations impair DNA\ndamage response and homologous recombination by direct regulation of RAD51. In light of these findings that link genetic factors\nto tumour development,DNA damage agents have been proposed as target therapies for pancreatic cancer patients carrying BRCA2\nmutations. Some of these drugs include platinum-based agents and PARP inhibitors. However, the acquired resistance to PARP\ninhibitors has created a need for new chemotherapeutic strategies to target BRCA2. The present systematic review collects and\nanalyses the role of BRCA2 alterations to be used in early diagnosis of an inherited syndrome associated with familiar cancer and\nas a prognostic and predictive biomarker for the management of pancreatic cancer patients....
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate which surgical method is better in lymph node (LN)\ndissection of lung cancer.\nMethods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, the\nCochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar was performed to identify studies comparing thoracoscopic\nlobectomy (video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) group) and thoracotomy (open group) in LN dissection.\nResults: Twenty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria and involved 2763 patients in the VATS group and 3484\npatients in the open group. The meta-analysis showed that fewer total LNs (95% confidence interval [CI] âË?â??1.52 to\nâË?â??0.73, p < 0.0001) and N2 LNs (95% CI âË?â??1.25 to âË?â??0.10, p = 0.02) were dissected in the VATS group. A similar number\nof total LN stations, N2 LN stations, and N1 LNs were harvested in both groups. Only one study reported that fewer\nN1 LN stations were dissected in the VATS group (1.4 Ã?± 0.5 vs. 1.6 Ã?± 0.6, p = 0.04).\nConclusions: Open lobectomy could achieve better LN dissection efficacy than thoracoscopic lobectomy in the\ntreatment of lung cancer, especially in the N2 LNs dissection. These findings require validation by high-quality,\nlarge-scale randomized controlled trials....
The present study aimed to experimentally synthesis zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) using albumin as bio-template by a sol-gel method and to characterize the products using UV-Visible, FTIR, XRD, TGA and HRTEM. The crystallinity and morphology of the ZnO NRs were confirmed to have an average diameter of 70 nm and 250 nm length. The formation mechanism depends on the nucleation of Zn+2 in sites of the albumin followed by Zn+2 assembly in the cavity of albumin and finally thermal treatment to form ZnO in rod shape then calcination to final form ZnO NRs form as shown in HRTEM. Cytotoxicity of developed ZnO-NRs was conducted using MTT assay on both HepG2 and PC-3 cells. Data revealed that ZnO-NPs were toxic to both HepG2 and PC-3 cell lines displayed a concentration dependent viability. The flow cytometry illustrated that apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) depends on the cell growth arrest at G1/S phase indicated that inhibition Cyclin E (CDK 2) while prostatic carcinoma (PC-3) depends cell growth arrest at G2/M phase indicated that inhibition of Cyclin ACDK1. The apoptotic mechanism was investigated using rt-PCR. The apoptotic mechanism in both cell lines HepG2 and PC-3 was depended on the upregulated of Bax protein and down regulation of Bcl-2 indicated that the mechanism of mitochondrial outer membrane permeability (MOMP) or mitochondria dysfunction was dependent on activation of P53 protein....
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